ÿþ<?xml version="1.0"?>

<?xml-stylesheet href="NBII_classic.xsl" type="text/xsl"?>

<metadata>

<idinfo>

<citation>

<citeinfo>

<origin>Schweitzer, Peter N.</origin>

<pubdate>1993</pubdate>

<title>Modern Average Global Sea-Surface Temperature</title>

<edition>1</edition>

<geoform>remote-sensing image</geoform>

<serinfo>

<sername>U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series</sername>

<issue>DDS-10</issue>

</serinfo>

<pubinfo>

<pubplace>Reston, Virginia</pubplace>

<publish>U.S. Geological Survey</publish>

</pubinfo>

<onlink>http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/magsst.html</onlink>

</citeinfo>

</citation>

<descript>

<abstract>

The data contained in this data set are derived from the NOAA

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Multichannel Sea

Surface Temperature data (AVHRR MCSST), which are obtainable

from the Distributed Active Archive Center at the Jet

Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif.  The JPL tapes

contain weekly images of SST from October 1981 through

December 1990 in nine regions of the world ocean: North

Atlantic, Eastern North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Agulhas,

Indian, Southeast Pacific, Southwest Pacific, Northeast

Pacific, and Northwest Pacific.



This data set represents the results of calculations carried

out on the NOAA data and also contains the source code of the

programs that made the calculations.  The objective was to

derive the average sea-surface temperature of each month and

week throughout the whole 10-year series, meaning, for

example, that data from January of each year would be averaged

together.  The result is 12 monthly and 52 weekly images for

each of the oceanic regions.  Averaging the images in this way

tends to reduce the number of grid cells that lack valid data

and to suppress interannual variability.

</abstract>

<purpose>

The purpose of this data set is to provide paleoclimate

researchers with a tool for estimating the average seasonal

variation in sea-surface temperature (SST) throughout the

modern world ocean and for estimating the modern monthly and

weekly sea-surface temperature at any given oceanic location.

It is expected that these data will be compared with

temperature estimates derived from geological proxy measures

such as faunal census analyses and stable isotopic analyses.

The results can then be used to constrain general circulation

models of climate change.

</purpose>

<supplinf>

As ancillary data, the ETOPO5 global gridded elevation and

bathymetry data (Edwards, 1989) were interpolated to the

resolution of the SST data; the interpolated topographic data

are included.



The images are provided in three formats: a modified form of

run-length encoding (MRLE), Graphics Interchange Format (GIF),

and Macintosh PICT format.



Also included in the data set are programs that can retrieve

seasonal temperature profiles at user-specified locations and

that can decompress the data files.  These nongraphical SST

retrieval programs are provided in versions for UNIX, MS-DOS,

and Macintosh computers.  Graphical browse utilities are

included for users of UNIX with the X Window System, 80386-

based PC&apos;s, and Macintosh computers.

</supplinf>

</descript>

<timeperd>

<timeinfo>

<rngdates>

<begdate>19811001</begdate>

<enddate>19891231</enddate>

</rngdates>

</timeinfo>

<current>

Smith, E., 1991, A user&apos;s guide to the NOAA Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer Multichannel Sea Surface Temperature

data set produced by the University of Miami/Rosenstiel School

of Marine and Atmospheric Science: Distributed by the

Distributed Active Archive Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Pasadena, California. 10 p.

</current>

</timeperd>

<status>

<progress>Complete</progress>

<update>Irregular</update>

</status>

<spdom>

<bounding>

<westbc>-180.0</westbc>

<eastbc>180.0</eastbc>

<northbc>72.0</northbc>

<southbc>-66.0</southbc>

</bounding>

</spdom>

<keywords>

<theme>

<themekt>None</themekt>

<themekey>Oceanography</themekey>

<themekey>Sea Surface Temperature</themekey>

</theme>

<place>

<placekt>None</placekt>

<placekey>North Atlantic Ocean</placekey>

<placekey>South Atlantic Ocean</placekey>

<placekey>Indian Ocean</placekey>

<placekey>Pacific Ocean</placekey>

<placekey>Mediterranean Sea</placekey>

</place>

<temporal>

<tempkt>None</tempkt>

<tempkey>Present</tempkey>

</temporal>

</keywords>

<accconst>none</accconst>

<useconst>none</useconst>

<ptcontac>

<cntinfo>

<cntperp>

<cntper>Peter N. Schweitzer</cntper>

</cntperp>

<cntaddr>

<addrtype>mailing address</addrtype>

<address>

Mail Stop 955 National Center

U.S. Geological Survey

12201 Sunrise Valley Drive

</address>

<city>Reston</city>

<state>VA</state>

<postal>22092</postal>

<country>USA</country>

</cntaddr>

<cntvoice>(703) 648-6533</cntvoice>

<cntfax>(703) 648-6647</cntfax>

<cntemail>pschweitzer@usgs.gov</cntemail>

</cntinfo>

</ptcontac>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augna.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Western North Atlantic Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/na/gif/m_augna.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augnae.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/nae/gif/m_augnae.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augsa.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the South Atlantic Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/sa/gif/m_augsa.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augag.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Southeastern Atlantic

and Southwestern Indian Oceans. This file is available

electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/ag/gif/m_augag.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augio.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Indian Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/io/gif/m_augio.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augnep.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Northeast Pacific Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/nep/gif/m_augnep.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augnwp.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/nwp/gif/m_augnwp.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augsep.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Southeast Pacific Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/sep/gif/m_augsep.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<browse>

<browsen>m_augswp.gif</browsen>

<browsed>

August sea-surface temperature in the Southwest Pacific Ocean.

This file is available electronically using the URL

http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/cdrom/core/raw/swp/gif/m_augswp.gif

</browsed>

<browset>GIF</browset>

</browse>

<native>

This data set is provided on a single CD-ROM in ISO 9660 format

with Macintosh-compatible HFS directory information as well.  The

data set was developed on a Data General AViiON computer system

running DG/UX version 5.4.2R01 (UNIX); additional software

products provided on the CD-ROM were developed on a Macintosh IIci

and on an IBM-compatible personal computer made by ZEOS, Inc.,

running an Intel 80486 DX microprocessor.

</native>

<crossref>

<citeinfo>

<origin>U.S. Geological Survey</origin>

<origin>Peter N. Schweitzer (comp.)</origin>

<pubdate>1995</pubdate>

<title>Monthly Average Polar Sea-Ice Concentration</title>

<geoform>remote-sensing image</geoform>

<serinfo>

<sername>U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series</sername>

<issue>DDS-27</issue>

</serinfo>

<onlink>ftp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/sea_ice</onlink>

<onlink>http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/sea_ice/README.html</onlink>

</citeinfo>

</crossref>

</idinfo>

<dataqual>

<attracc>

<attraccr>

Calculation of sea-surface temperature values from AVHRR

data is described extensively in the references and in

the user&apos;s guides of the source data products.

</attraccr>

</attracc>

<logic>

Included in the data set are the UNIX shell scripts and makefiles

that were used to derive the averages and create the tables and

images.  Source code is provided for all programs written by the

author.

</logic>

<complete>

Included in the data set is a table enumerating the days for which

sea-surface temperature data were available in the source material.

In general, images were available every week during the time

period from 811001 through 891231.

</complete>

<posacc>

<horizpa>

<horizpar>

The grid provided in the source data (supplied by PO.DAAC)

is described in the user&apos;s guide of the source product.

</horizpar>

</horizpa>

</posacc>

<lineage>

<srcinfo>

<srccite>

<citeinfo>

<origin>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</origin>

<pubdate>1991</pubdate>

<title>

NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

Multichannel Sea Surface Temperature data set

produced by the University of Miami/Rosenstiel

School of Marine and Atmospheric Science:

</title>

<geoform>remote-sensing image</geoform>

<othercit>

Distributed by the Distributed Active Archive

Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,

California.  User&apos;s guide is 10 pages.  The data

are distributed on 9 nin-track tapes in VAX Backup

format.

</othercit>

</citeinfo>

</srccite>

<typesrc>Nine-track tape</typesrc>

<srctime>

<timeinfo>

<rngdates>

<begdate>19811001</begdate>

<enddate>19891231</enddate>

</rngdates>

</timeinfo>

<srccurr>

Smith, E., 1991, A user&apos;s guide to the NOAA Advanced

Very High Resolution Radiometer Multichannel Sea

Surface Temperature data set produced by the

University of Miami/Rosenstiel School of Marine and

Atmospheric Science: Distributed by the Distributed

Active Archive Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Pasadena, California. 10 p.

</srccurr>

</srctime>

<srccitea>AVHRR MCSST</srccitea>

<srccontr>

The source data set provides 467 weekly images of each of

nine regions of the world oceans; these weekly files were

averaged in the present data set to produce monthly

composite images.

</srccontr>

</srcinfo>

<procstep>

<procdesc>

Calculate monthly averages and composite monthly averages.



The Bourne shell script do_avgs describes the manner in

which the program average was used to calculate the

monthly and composite monthly average sea ice

concentration files.  The program average is given a list

of sea ice concentration data files in HDF format.  For

each grid cell in the images, it calculates the arithmetic

average of the corresponding cell in the input files, and

writes the average image into a new file.  This program is

run once for each month of each year represented in the

original data to yield monthly averages.  Then the

composite monthly averages are calculated using the

monthly averages for each year.

</procdesc>

<procdate>1993</procdate>

</procstep>

<procstep>

<procdesc>

Create GIF and PICT images of monthly and composite

monthly averages.



The Bourne shell script do_imgs converts the monthly

average and composite monthly average files into GIF and

PICT images.  This script uses two programs from the

freely available PbmPlus toolkit developed by Jeff

Poskanzer.

</procdesc>

<procdate>1993</procdate>

</procstep>

<procstep>

<procdesc>

Regrid ETOPO5 elevation and bathymetry data to fit sea ice

concentration grid.



The ETOPO5 global gridded elevation and bathymetry data

set describes world topography on a grid whose cells

measure 5 minutes of latitude by 5 minutes of longitude.

Since the ice concentration data are given in an azimuthal

equidistant projection, the elevation of cells in the ice

concentration grid must be determined by appropriately

sampling or interpolating the ETOPO5 data.  Because the

ETOPO5 grid is finer than the ice concentration grid, a

sampling algorithm was combined with a spatial averaging

scheme to derive the desired elevation data. The program

that implements this algorithm is called topo.c; its

strategy is to find the ice grid cell coordinates of the

center of each ETOPO5 cell, and calculate the average

depth of all of the ETOPO5 cells that fall within an ice

grid cell.  The results are two 16-bit images with big-

endian byte ordering in which each signed 16-bit word

describes the average depth or elevation in meters (sea

level is zero) of a cell in the ice concentration grid.



Along with the 16-bit depth data files, displayable images

are created using depthppm.c in portable pixmap format,

and from that intermediate stage, GIF and PICT images are

created using the PbmPlus toolkit.  Depthppm reduces the

complexity of the depth data by assigning one color to a

range of depths.  The relationship between depth ranges

and colors is given in the source code file depthppm.c.



The Bourne shell script do_topo carries out these operations.

</procdesc>

<procdate>1993</procdate>

</procstep>

</lineage>

</dataqual>

<spdoinfo>

<direct>Raster</direct>

<rastinfo>

<rasttype>Pixel</rasttype>

<rowcount>512</rowcount>

<colcount>512</colcount>

</rastinfo>

</spdoinfo>

<spref>

<horizsys>

<geograph>

<latres>0.01757812</latres>

<longres>0.01757812</longres>

<geogunit>Decimal degrees</geogunit>

</geograph>

</horizsys>

</spref>

<eainfo>

<detailed>

<enttyp>

<enttypl>Sea-surface temperature grid cell</enttypl>

<enttypd>

Any of the one-byte data elements in the sea surface

temperature files

</enttypd>

<enttypds>self-evident</enttypds>

</enttyp>

<attr>

<attrlabl>Sea-surface temperature grid cell value</attrlabl>

<attrdef>

The average temperature, in degrees Celsius, of the ocean

surface water in the location indicated by the pixel.

</attrdef>

<attrdefs>

Smith, E., 1991, A user&apos;s guide to the NOAA Advanced Very

High Resolution Radiometer Multichannel Sea Surface

Temperature data set produced by the University of Miami/

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science:

Distributed by the Distributed Active Archive Center, Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. 10 p.

</attrdefs>

<attrdomv>

<rdom>

<rdommin>0</rdommin>

<rdommax>250</rdommax>

<attrunit>

Degrees Celsius (calculated from the pixel value by the

formula T = -2.1 + 0.2 * p where p is the pixel value.

</attrunit>

<attrmres>1</attrmres>

</rdom>

</attrdomv>

<attrdomv>

<edom>

<edomv>252</edomv>

<edomvd>Missing data</edomvd>

<edomvds>AVHRR MCSST</edomvds>

</edom>

</attrdomv>

<attrdomv>

<edom>

<edomv>255</edomv>

<edomvd>Land area</edomvd>

<edomvds>AVHRR MCSST</edomvds>

</edom>

</attrdomv>

</attr>

</detailed>

<detailed>

<enttyp>

<enttypl>ETOPO5 grid cell</enttypl>

<enttypd>

Any of the two-byte data elements in the files etopo5.na,

etopo5.sa, etopo5.nae, etopo5.ag, etopo5.io, etopo5.nep,

etopo5.nwp, etopo5.sep, and etopo5.swp.

</enttypd>

<enttypds>self-evident</enttypds>

</enttyp>

<attr>

<attrlabl>ETOPO5 grid cell value</attrlabl>

<attrdef>

Height of the land surface or depth of the sea floor,

relative to mean sea level.

</attrdef>

<attrdefs>

NOAA/NGDC. 1992. Integrated Global Elevation and

Bathymetry. Digital Data. NOAA/NGDC/WDC-A, Boulder,

Colorado. Digital raster data on a 5-minute geographic

(lat/long) 2160x4320 grid. In: Global Ecosystems Database

Version 1.0: Disc A. Boulder, CO: NOAA National

Geophysical Data Center. 1 independent single-attribute

spatial layer on CD-ROM. 18.6 MB. [First published in

1989.]

</attrdefs>

<attrdomv>

<rdom>

<rdommin>-10783</rdommin>

<rdommax>8000</rdommax>

<attrunit>meters</attrunit>

<attrmres>1</attrmres>

</rdom>

</attrdomv>

</attr>

</detailed>

</eainfo>

<distinfo>

<distrib>

<cntinfo>

<cntperp>

<cntper>Peter N. Schweitzer</cntper>

</cntperp>

<cntaddr>

<addrtype>mailing address</addrtype>

<address>

Mail Stop 955 National Center

U.S. Geological Survey

12201 Sunrise Valley Drive

</address>

<city>Reston</city>

<state>VA</state>

<postal>22092</postal>

<country>USA</country>

</cntaddr>

<cntvoice>(703) 648-6533</cntvoice>

<cntfax>(703) 648-6647</cntfax>

<cntemail>pschweitzer@usgs.gov</cntemail>

</cntinfo>

</distrib>

<resdesc>

U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-10

</resdesc>

<distliab>

Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM have been

used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by

the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials or

the functioning of the software.  The act of distribution shall

not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed

by the USGS in the use of these data, software, or related

materials.

</distliab>

<stdorder>

<digform>

<digtinfo>

<formname>MRLE</formname>

<formcont>Sea-Surface Temperature</formcont>

<filedec>Binary images compressed with modified RLE</filedec>

</digtinfo>

<digtopt>

<onlinopt>

<computer>

<networka>

<networkr>ftp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/</networkr>

</networka>

</computer>

<oncomp>

Data General AViiON 6220 system running DG/UX

version 5.4.2R01 (UNIX)

</oncomp>

</onlinopt>

</digtopt>

</digform>

<digform>

<digtinfo>

<formname>BIL</formname>

<formcont>Elevation and bathymetry</formcont>

<transize>214 megabytes</transize>

</digtinfo>

<digtopt>

<onlinopt>

<computer>

<networka>

<networkr>ftp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/magsst/</networkr>

</networka>

</computer>

<oncomp>

Data General AViiON 6220 system running DG/UX

version 5.4.2R01 (UNIX)

</oncomp>

</onlinopt>

</digtopt>

</digform>

<fees>none</fees>

</stdorder>

<stdorder>

<digform>

<digtinfo>

<formname>MRLE</formname>

<formcont>Sea-Surface Temperature</formcont>

<filedec>Binary images compressed with modified RLE</filedec>

</digtinfo>

<digtopt>

<offoptn>

<offmedia>CD-ROM</offmedia>

<recfmt>ISO 9660 with Apple HFS extensions</recfmt>

</offoptn>

</digtopt>

</digform>

<digform>

<digtinfo>

<formname>BIL</formname>

<formcont>Elevation and bathymetry</formcont>

<transize>214 megabytes</transize>

</digtinfo>

<digtopt>

<offoptn>

<offmedia>CD-ROM</offmedia>

<recfmt>ISO 9660 with Apple HFS extensions</recfmt>

</offoptn>

</digtopt>

</digform>

<fees>$32.00</fees>

<ordering>

Contact address below:

Book and Open-File Report Sales

U.S. Geological Survey

Denver Federal Center

Box 25286

Denver, CO 80225-0286

</ordering>

</stdorder>

</distinfo>

<metainfo>

<metd>19950512</metd>

<metc>

<cntinfo>

<cntperp>

<cntper>Peter N. Schweitzer</cntper>

</cntperp>

<cntaddr>

<addrtype>mailing address</addrtype>

<address>

Mail Stop 955 National Center

U.S. Geological Survey

12201 Sunrise Valley Drive

</address>

<city>Reston</city>

<state>VA</state>

<postal>22092</postal>

<country>USA</country>

</cntaddr>

<cntvoice>(703) 648-6533</cntvoice>

<cntfax>(703) 648-6647</cntfax>

<cntemail>pschweitzer@usgs.gov</cntemail>

</cntinfo>

</metc>

<metstdn>

FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

</metstdn>

<metstdv>FGDC-STD-001-1998</metstdv>

</metainfo>

</metadata>