DEFINITIONS Name Common Name: Current when database was created, 1989. Latin Name (Latn) Scientific Name: Current when database was created, 1989. Class (Cl) b = birds m = mammals h = herps (reptiles and amphibians) Habitats Lake (LAKE; A).-- A body of permanent water more than 10 acres in size, and usually more than 6 feet deep. Includes beaches and mud flats. Pond (POND; B).-- A body of permanent water less than 10 acres in size and usually less than 6 feet deep. River and Stream (RIVR; C).-- A body of permanent flowing water; includes open water, the bed, the banks, and the vegetated areas along the banks. Marsh (MRSH; D).-- A shallow basin with 6 inches to 3 feet of standing water throughout much of the year. It is vegetated nearly shore-to-shore with herbaceous aquatic plants, persistent and nonpersistent, including cattails, bulrushes, pondweeds, water lilies, and wild rice. Sedge Meadow (SEDG; E).-- A saturated alkaline peatland covered mostly by sedges and fed by minerals washing in from the surrounding lands. The surface is at or only slightly above the water table. Open pools of water are common in spring because of flooding. Shrub Swamp (SHRB; F).-- A wetland thicket dominated by 10- to 15-foot- tall alder and willow shrubs, and underlain with wet muck soil. There are often streams trickling through the swamp, and it is occasionally flooded. Bog (BOG; G).-- A mat of wet, nutrient-poor, acidic peat topped with sphagnum moss and ericaceous plants and shrubs. A bog is a closed system, with no streams feeding in or out. Often, a dark pool of stagnant water will be in the center. Small Grass Opening (OPEN; H).-- An upland opening 1 to 3 acres in size, covered by a layer of permanent sod and containing few or no trees. Large Field (FLD; I).-- An upland opening larger than 3 acres, covered by a permanent layer of sod and containing few or no trees. Shrub-sapling Opening (SAPL; J).-- An upland opening with a dense shrub layer and a well-developed herbaceous layer. This is a regenerating forest, coming in 3 to 12 years after logging, fire, or other disturbance. Young Upland Deciduous Forest (YUD; K).-- A 12- to 30-year-old forest with closely spaced, pole-sized trees 10 to 30 or more feet tall, and a variable shrub and herbaceous layer. Aspen, birch, northern hardwoods, and oaks are found in various combinations, with few or no conifers. Mature Upland Deciduous Forest (MUD; L).-- A closed-canopy forest with trees more than 30 years old, an overstory 30 or more feet tall, and a variable shrub and herbaceous layer. Characteristic species include aspens, birches, and northern hardwoods (especially sugar maple). Old stands with broken or uneven canopies may have well-developed underlayers, downed logs, and standing snags with cavities. Young Upland Coniferous Forest (YUC; M).-- A 12- to 30-year-old forest densely populated with trees that are 10 to 30 feet tall. In some places, the shade is so intense that shrubs and ground plants are sparse. More often, these stands will have a savanna appearance, with numerous small openings interrupting the tree coverage. Characteristic species include jack pine and oak in combination, and less frequently, red pine, white pine, white spruce, and balsam fir. Mature Upland Coniferous Forest(MUC; N).-- A closed-canopy forest with trees older than 30 years, an overstory taller than 30 feet, and a sparse shrub and herbaceous layer. Old stands with uneven or broken canopies may have well-developed underlayers. Characteristic species include balsam fir, usually in combination with white spruce, and red pine, white pine, and jack pine. Young Upland Mixed Forest (YUM; O).-- A 12- to 30-year-old forest with closely spaced, pole-sized trees that are 10 to 30 feet tall, and a variable shrub and herbaceous layer. These stands may include jack pine, red pine, or white pine in combination with deciduous species such as paper birch and red oak. Mature Upland Mixed Forest (MUM; P).-- A mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees growing together, with trees older than 30 years, an overstory more than 30 feet tall, and a variable shrub and herbaceous layer. Old stands with broken or uneven canopies may have well-developed underlayers, downed logs, and standing snags with cavities. Characteristic species include white spruce, balsam fir, red pine, white pine, jack pine, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, paper birch, and American beech. Semi-open Lowland Coniferous Forest (OLC; Q).-- A bog that has begun to fill in with scattered clumps of tamaracks and black spruces, usually less than 20 feet tall. The surface is carpeted with a dense, low-lying layer of ericaceous shrubs, sphagnum moss, and wildflowers. It is often wet because the surface is at or close to the water table. Closed-canopy Lowland Coniferous Forest (CLC; R).-- A dense forest of closely spaced trees up to 60 feet high, growing atop an unstable carpet of mosses. The shrub layer is usually sparse due to the heavy shade. Characteristic species include black spruce, tamarack, northern white- cedar, and balsam fir. Young Lowland Deciduous Forest (YLD; S).-- A 12- to 30-year-old forest with pole-sized trees 10 to 30 feet tall and a variable shrub and herbaceous layer. The soil is muck or peat and may be covered with water during parts of the year. Characteristic species include black ash, red maple, balsam poplar, and speckled alder. Mature Lowland Deciduous Forest (MLD; T).-- Closed-canopy forest with trees older than 30 years, an overstory taller than 30 feet, and a variable shrub and herbaceous layer. The soil is muck or peat and may be covered with water during parts of the year. Typically, a stream or river runs through the forest. Characteristic species include red maple, black ash, and a few American elms. Abundance (ABND; AB) C = Common: Present in good numbers in suitable habitats. Individuals or sign can usually be seen if you know where to look. P = Uncommon: Present, but in lower numbers due to range limits, large home ranges, specific habitat requirements, or other factors. Usually more difficult to find because there are fewer individuals per acre. O = Occasional: May not occur every year, but because of proximity to their regular range, individuals can be expected to wander into the region during some years, e.g., at intervals during periods of severe weather or food shortages. Blank space: Not present on Forest Season of Use (SEAS; SN) P = permanent year-round resident S = summer resident (breeding) M = migrant (present spring and fall) W = winter resident Abundance and Season of Use by National Forest CPAB = Chippewa National Forest Abundance CPSN = Chippewa National Forest Season of Use SPAB = Superior National Forest Abundance SPSN = Superior National Forest Season of Use CQAB = Chequamegon National Forest Abundance CQSN = Chequamegon National Forest Season of Use NCAB = Nicolet National Forest Abundance NCSN = Nicolet National Forest Season of Use OTAB = Ottawa National Forest Abundance OTSN = Ottawa National Forest Season of Use HWAB = Hiawatha National Forest Abundance HWSN = Hiawatha National Forest Season of Use HMAB = Huron-Manistee National Forests Abundnace HMSN = Huron-Manistee National Forests Season of Use (Definitions for Abundance and Season of Use are same as those shown above.) Status (STAT) Federal Status: US Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Office of the Federal Register. 1991. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Endangered and Threatened... Federal Register. 56(215): 56882-56900. E = Federally Endangered: Any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. T = Federally Threatened: Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. R = Under Review: now being studied to see whether the species should be listed. USFWS C1 and C2 species. No classification (blank) = indicates that species does not have an official status as either endangered, threatened,or under review on USFWS list. Versatility (VERS) The versatility score for each species is simply the total number of habitats that it uses. The more habitats that a species uses, the more versatile it is; the fewer habitats it uses, the less versatile it is. The # sign indicates that 10 or more habitats are used by the species. Note: Definitions adapted from: Benyus, Janine. 1989. Northwoods Wildlife: A Watcher's Guide to Habitats. Northword Press: Minoqua, WI. 453 p.