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ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT

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prairie bush clover

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Element Stewardship Abstracts (ESAS) are prepared to provide The Nature Conservancy's Stewardship staff and other land managers with current management related information on those species and communities that are most important to protect, or most important to control. The abstracts organize and summarize data from numerous sources including literature and researchers and managers actively working with the species or community.

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C)1995

THE NATURE CONSERVANCY

1815 North Lynn Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 (703) 841-5300

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>== 0012 STEW-ABS-RESP

MRO

THE NATURE CONSERVANCY

MIDWEST REGIONAL OFFICE

1313 5TH ST. SE

MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55414

>== 0016 PREPARER

J.E. EVANS (1983);

UPDATE BY JOYCE BENDER (1986);

UPDATE BY NANCY SATHER (1 987)

>== 0020 NAME

LESPEDEZA LEPTOSTACHYA

>== 0050 COMMON-NAME

PRAIRIE BUSH CLOVER,

SLENDER-SPIKED BUSH-CLOVER

>== 0100 DESCRIPTION

From Britton and Brown (1 913), Fox (I 945), Fernald (1 950), Gleason and Cronquist (I 963), and Clewell (I 966a): Stems erect or ascending, to about I m tall, appressed-pubescent. Stipules and bracts subulate, up to 5 mm long. Petioles shorter than leaves, rachises up to 4 times shorter than petioles. Leaves linear or narrowly oblong, up to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide, appressed-pubescent above, sericeous beneath. Flowers on elongate, interrupted axillary spikes, 2 to 3 cm long on peduncles I to 2 cm long. Flowers 4 to 6 mm long, yellowish-white to light pink, corolla about equalling the calyx. Corolla white to light purple. Cleistogamous pods nearly orbicular, 3 to 4 mm long, densely pubescent, exceeded by the calyx, nearly chorisepalous, the lobes very narrow, bracteoles greatly exceeding the base of the calyx lobes. Seeds greenish yellow to dark tan.

L. leptostachya is sometimes growing sympatrically with L. capitata. L. leptostachya has a spicate inflorescence, the flowers are scattered on the top half of the peduncle. The fruit is densely villous, and as long as the calyx lobes. L. capitata has a globose inflorescence, the flowers are densely crowded. The fruit is pubescent, and 2 mm shorter than the calyx lobes (Gleason 1952, Clewell 1966a).

>== 1000 HABITAT

Dry gravel prairies and dry-mesic prairies in Illinois (Steyermark and Swin 1955, Kurz an Bowles 1981), dry-mesic prairies in Minnesota (Smith 1981) and Iowa (Huston 1981), dry prairie and sandy prairie in Wisconsin (Tans and Read 1975). Characteristics of dry gravel and dry-mesic prairies in Illinois include steep, well-drained, usually calcareous soil sites (White and Madany 1978). Smith (1981) noted that five of six Minnesota sites are north or northwest-facing slopes of 10 to 15 degrees, all well drained (the sixth site was on level ground). Schwegman (pers. comm. with Sather) notes that L. leptostachya occurs in mesic microhabitats on Illinois sites.

The list of common associates is taken from Olson (1978), Smith (1981), Kurz and Bowles (I 98 1), and Huston (1 98 1): Andropogon gerardii, A. scoparius, Bouteloua curtipendula, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis, Stipa spartea, Amorpha canescens, Anemone patens, Aster ericoides, A. laevis, A. ptarmicoides, A. sericeus, Baptisia leucophaea, Coreopsis palmata, Echinacea pallida, Euphorbia corollate, Heuchera richardsonii, Lespedeza capitata, Liatris aspera, Lithosperrnum canescens, L. incisum, Linum sulcatum, Oenothera serrulata, Phlox pilosa, Petalostemum candidum, P. purpureum, Psoralea argophylla, P. esculenta, Solidago missouriensis, S. nemoralis, S. rigida, Viola pedata, V. pedatifida.

>== 2000 BIOLOGY-ECOLOGY

Much of the following information about the life history of L. leptostachya is based on Clewell's revision and natural history studies of the genus (I 966a,b). Little direct information is available for L. eptostachya, and the majority of the following information is based on generalizations for the genus or on studies of cultivated species.

L. leptostachya is a tap-rooted perennial producing 1-3 (or no) stems annually (Schwegman 1984). Stems are produced from a root crown with very short (only a few mm in length) internodes (Smith pers. comm.).

Lespedeza species produce both larger, showy chasmogamous flowers and greatly reduced cleistogamous flowers. The number of cleistogamous flowers vs. chasmogamous flowers varies from year to year and species to species, and, in other members of the genus, is influenced by day length and temperature (Sather 1986a). The cleistogamous flowers are obligately selfpollinated. Clewell (1 966a) demonstrated that the chasmogamous flowers of other members of the genus are more often self- pollinated than cross-pollinated, thus Lespedeza has a strong tendency towards autogamy. In two Minnesota populations of L. leptostachya, roughly three times as many cleistogams are produced as chasmogams, with nearly three quarters of all cleistogams forming pods. The majority of chasmogams dry up at anthesis, so only about one sixth of chasmogams produce pods (Sather 1986b). Actual seed production may be substantially lower. In one study, only 20% of pods contained seeds (Baskin pers. comm.).

Pollinators for some other Lespedeza species are known: Bombus fratemus (L. capitata and L. virginica), Xylocopa micans (L. steuvei, L. angustifolia), Campsomeris plumipes (same species), and Epargyreus clarus (same species). The first two are bees, the third is a wasp, and the fourth a skipper (from Clewell 1966a). Both kinds of flowers produce fruits with viable seeds (Clewell 1966a).

Within the genus there are no special structures to aid in seed dispersal, and seed dispersal is probably via animals consuming the fruits and passing the seeds. Clewell (1 966a) tested 108 seeds of other members of the genus that were consumed by bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and obtained 1 00% germination success. He also tested 16 seeds that were consumed by small mammals, and obtained 89% germination success. In natural populations, Reid and Goodrum (1979) found that Lespedeza species comprise from 1.5% to 86.8% of the annual diet of bobwhite quail in southeastern United States. Korschgen et al. (1 9 8 0) found that Lespedeza stipulacea comprised 4% of the annual diet of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Ozark Mountains, and that this varied seasonally (about 0% in April and May, 1% in June, 8% in July, 13% in August, and 6% in September). L. stipulacea was the most important food for white-tailed deer in August. It was consumed as succulent green foliage prior to seed formation and maturity (Korschgen et al. 1980). Sather (1986b) found that small mammals harvested over 70% of L. leptostachya plants in one Minnesota subpopulation, cutting the stems in pieces and leaving no evidence of the seeds.

Seed viability is apparently long-termed for other Lespedeza species. Clewell (I 966a) observed 60% germination after cold storage for 55 years. L. leptostachya was considered extirpated from Wisconsin between the 1880's and its rediscovery in 1969 (Alverson 1981). Extensive searches during that interval failed to find any occurrences (Fassett 1939). One possible explanation for this curious rediscovery was that seed remained viable during that time interval (Alverson 198 1). No seeds were found in soil samples collected in August from an L. leptostachya population in Minnesota (Dunn pers. comm.). Germination tests on seeds collected from plants in October showed 55% of the seed was rotten, 42% germinated, and 3% of the seed was hard (Dunn pers. comm.).

At one site, Schluckebier Prairie (Sauk Co., Wisconsin), L. leptostachya is found despite the fact the prairie was plowed until 50 years ago and some portions grazed (Alvers6n 1981). Because the plants are near a fenceline it is suspected that they may have reinvaded from an adjoining tract that was subsequently plowed (Martin pers. comm. with Sather). The extensive population at Red Rock Prairie, Minnesota, occurs in an area that was plowed until the 1950's. Plants may have invaded this tract from neighboring pastures or may have persisted in areas that escaped cultivationbecauseofrockoutcrops. Smith(1981)notesthat4ofthe6Minnesotasiteswere known or suspected to have been grazed. Tans and Read (I 975) noted that soil erosion and many disturbance area plants (especially Poa spp.) are present at Wisconsin sites. Alverson (1 98 1) believes that disturbance may serve to eradicate the adult populations, but L. leptostachya may reappear following favorable conditions or scarification and germination of seeds, and termination of the disturbance.

Clewell (I 966a) has stated that scarification is necessary for germination of Lespedeza seeds, finding 83% to 100% germination with scarification but 0% to 8% germination without it. His studies have shown that few seeds germinate the year following formation, and seedlings may represent only 1% or less of the seeds in the soil (Clewell 1966a). Haugen and Fitch (1955) have suggested that surface fire might cause scarification in Lespedeza bicolor. Clewell (I 966a) found that germination success of L. cuneata increased following heating in an oven 90C for 30 minutes. On the other hand, L. leptostachya has been germinated in both Illinois and Kentucl-,y without scarification (Kurz and Bowles 198 1, Baskin pers. comm.). Smith (pers. comm.) has observed germination in the absence of fire every year for four years at one site in Minnesota.

Hybridization is significant in Lespedeza species (Clewell 1966a). L. leptostachya and L. capitata occur sympatrically at ten sites and hybrid populations are known from four of these sites (USFWS 1987).

>== 2500 EO-QUAL-DET

Threatened by loss of habitat due to agriculture and urbanization, may be threatened by plant succession, lack of natural disturbance (which prevents shrub invasion) at individual sites, and slow germination and seedling establishment rates.

Specific threats to occurrences include use of herbicides or run-off containing herbicides at Cihak Prairie (Jackson Co., Minnesota; Smith 198 1). Quarry operations threaten the Morton Outcrop (Renville Co., Minnesota; Smith 198 1) site and the Winnebago Co. (IL) site (Kurz and Bowles 1981). At least four sites are presently being grazed (USFWS 1987). Woody species invasion threatens two sites in Wisconsin and two in Minnesota (USFWS 1987). Roadside mowing and weedy vegetation is threatening a site near a housing development in Wisconsin (Richardson pers. comm.). Hybridization with L. capitata is known to have occurred at two sites in Minnesota, one in Iowa, and one in Illinois (USFWS 1987).

>== 3500 LAND-PROT-SPECS

L. leptostachya is a prairie species and management will be necessary to maintain the required habitat. A preserve should have sufficient buffer lands to allow prescribed burning to be carried out safely, i.e. installing fire breaks, etc. For those sites near active quarrying, obtain as much buffer as possible between the element occurrence and the actual quarrying operation.

>== 4000 RECOVERY-POT

Natural recovery potential is unclear. L. leptostachya appeared on one site in Illinois after spring bums were initiated to revive prairie species (Schwegman 1984). Plants are fairly easy to germinate and transplant (Cole pers. comm., Baskin pers. comm., Betz pers. comm.). A minor amount of disturbance apparently does not injure t.-iese p ants. T main concern is to obtain protection agreements and manage for prairie species. Schwegman (1984) has been growing L. leptostachya at the Mason State Tree Nursery in Illinois. He reports that seeds germinate well with light scarification and fall planting. Almost all plants produced flowers and seeds their first year under nursery conditions. Seeds of Wisconsin plants have been similarly propagated at the Holden Arboretum in Ohio as part of the efforts of the Center for Plant Conservation (Martin pers. comm'),

>== 5000 BIOL-MONIT-NEEDS

Management objectives should include maintaining population size in good condition

occurrences and increasing population size in degraded occurrences. Monitoring should be used to track the accomplishment of these objectives. Monitoring will be critical at Anderson Prairie, Iowa, where the herbicides Banvel and 2,4,D were applied to an area with two stands of L. leptostachya in June 1985 (Roosa pers. comm.).

>== 5200 BIOL-MONIT-PROCS

In Minnesota, Smith (pers. comm.) has been monitoring one population using a bi-coordinate system that enables workers to map and relocate individual plants and to record demographic data each year. Smith's method has also been adapted for use at another site in Minnesota (Sather 1987) and one in Iowa (Nekola 1985).

In Illinois, yearly stem counts are taken at sites being monitored for management response (Schwegman pers. comm., Packard pers. comm.).

In Wisconsin, stem counts are made each year (Martin, Richardson, pers. comm.).

>== 5400 BIOL-MONIT-PROGS

Schwegman (pers. comm.) is developing an information gathering and monitoring program to be implemented in 1986 by Illinois Heritage Biologists. Numbers and vigor of populations will be monitored. Contact: John Schwegman, Botany Program Manager, Illinois Dept. of Conservation, Springfield, IL.

In Minnesota contact: Welby Smith and Nancy Sather, Botanists, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Dept. Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN.

In Wisconsin contact: Mark Martin, Natural Areas Management Specialist, Wisconsin Dept.

Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. Dr. James Richardson, University of Wisconsin, River

Falls, Wisconsin.

In Iowa contact: Ethen Perkins, Director of Science and Stewardship, Iowa Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, Des Moines, Iowa.

>==6000 RSRCH-NEEDS [Y N Ul

A top priority for research is determining the requirements for seed germination and seedling establishment. Other research questions include: What is the within and between population genetic variability? What is the sensitivity of the species to agricultural herbicide drift? How much of a buffer is necessary between areas where agricultural herbicides are being applied and populations of L. leptostachya? What is the response of different age classes of L. leptostachya to prescribed burning? What are the responses of L. leptostachya to haying and grazing at different times of the year and under different grazing intensities? What is the longevity of individual plants? What is the longevity of the seeds? What are the pollinators of L. leptostachya?

>== 6400 RSRCH-PROGS [Y N Ul y

Schwegman (pers. comm.) is developing an information gathering program to be implemented in 1986 by Illinois Heritage Biologists. Life history and reproductive information will be collected and plots for monitoring population vigor will be established. Contact: John Schwegman, Botany Program Manager, Illinois Dept. of Conservation, Springfield, IL.

In Minnesota, Smith and Sather have conducted a two year project assessing the plant's response to late April burning. Contact: Welby Smith or Nancy Sather, Botanists, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Dept. Natural Resources, St. Paul,

Sather (I 9 8 7) has conducted a two year study of pod and seed production from cahsmogamous and cleistogamous flowers at one Minnesota population. Contact: Nancy Sather, address above.

In Iowa, Nekola (1985) set up three test plots for monitoring response to management. One plot will be burned in the spring once every two years, one will be burned in the spring once every four years and one will be used as a control. Contact: Ethen Perkins, Director of Science and Stewardship, Iowa Field Office, TNC, Des Moines, Iowa.

Life history studies are underway at one Wisconsin site, including studies of response to shading. Contact: Nancy Benish, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Electrophoretic studies are underway to compare the within and between population genetic variability of several populations from Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Contact: Chris Cole, Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.

>== 7000 MGMT-NEEDS

Clewell (I 966a) has observed that many North American Lespedeza species are colonizers of open habitat. He cites evidence of lespedezas being shaded or crowded from habitats that are being invaded by perennial grasses and woody species. At one Indiana site, Clewell's observations showed that lespedezas declined with plant succession, (Clewell 1966a).

L. leptostachya appears to be detrimentally affected by competition from woody species. It is unl-,nown whether Lespedeza fails to colonize areas already occupied by woody invaders or whether it is outshaded by them. The following woody species have been reported from L. leptostachya sites: Coenthus sp., Crataegus sp., Juniperus virginiana, Populus tremuloides, Prunus spp., Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus velutina, Rhus glabra, Rhus typhina, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, and Vitis riparia. The most heavily shaded site is near River Falls, Wisconsin, where the concentration of bush clover plants appears to have shifted over the years from areas shaded by Quercus velutina and Populus tremuloides into an open roadside (Richardson pers. comm.). Stem counts at this site in 1986 revealed 32 plants in the wooded area, of which 56% were flowering, 18% nonflowering, and 25% seedlings. In the open roadside ditch 70% of II 8 plants were flowering, 8% nonflowering, and 22% seedlings.

Betz (pers. comm.) has observed that L. leptostachya is found in degraded prairies of disturbed habitat. Smith (I 982) has noted that four of six sites in Minnesota had been grazed in the past. In Minnesota, Wendt (pers. comm.) has observed that L. leptostachya is tolerant to grazing and responds well to the decreased competition from warm season perennials.

There is circumstantial evidence that fall mowing maintains Lespedeza populations at lower levels than on adjoining prairie of similar type (Sather 1987). Research is needed to ascertain whether this haying is really harmful and whether earlier haying would be equally harmful.

The response of L. leptostachya to fire is unclear. Ongoing research in Minnesota has shown that germination will occur in the absence of fire (Smith pers. comm.) but data on fire response have not yet been analyzed (Sather 1987). Schwegman (1984) reported finding L. leptostachya in a prairie only after a spring burning regime had begun.

>== 7400 MGMT-PROCS

In Wisconsin, prescribed burns have been done in alternating years beginning in 1979 during late

March to early May. To control encroaching woody vegetation, trees such as Robinia

pseudoacacia, Juniperus virginiana, Prunus serotina, Quercus macrocarpa and Populus sp. are cut

in the fall or winter. The stumps of sprouting species are treated with the herbicide Weedone

170. Small shrubs and brush such as Rhus sp., Lonicera sp., and Prunus sp. are cut in July or

August. Trees cut in close proximity to prairie bush clover are stump-treated with the herbicide

Roundup. Melilotus sp. is pulled by hand in July (Eiseman, Martin, pers. comm.).

In Illinois, Packard (pers. comm.) reports that prairies supporting L. leptostachya are burned in the spring or fall depending upon the availability of acceptable burning days.

Many L. leptostachya sites have been invaded by weeds, including Poa pratensis. Betz (pers. comm.) believes, however, that weed species do not offer as much of a threat to L. leptostachya as the unchecked growth of perennial, warm-season prairie grasses. It is suggested here that burning to stimulate cool-season grasses and reduce warm-season grasses may benefit L. leptostachya.

The effect of grazing on L. leptstachya is not clear. Weaver (1954) and Clewell (1966a) believe that grazing damages it, while Alverson (1 98 1) points out that many sites have been grazed without apparent ill-effect. Mowing has helped maintain L. ieptostachya at some sites (Hinsdale Prairie, DuPage Co., 111; Betz pers. comm. 1983). Wendt (pers. comm.) commented on the grazing and mowing (haying) of two contiguous areas at one site in Minnesota. L. leptostalchya was abundant in the area that was grazed (spring to winter, number of cattle unknown). L. leptostachya was not found in the area that was mowed (late July each year).

Timing the management treatment is important. September haying may be detrimental to seedling establishment in the following years (Sather 1987). Smith (pers. comm.) noted that seedlings will have a five to six-inch taproot by August and may be able to withstand a fall bum. Studies at Kilen Woods State Park, Minnesota, indicate that Lespedeza plants are not damaged by early spring burning prior to emergence in mid-May. Observations at Jeffers Petroglyph, Minnesota, indicate burning can be as late as late May without injury.

>== 7700 MGMT-PROGS [Y N U]

In Illinois contact Steve Packard, Field Representative, The Nature Conservancy, Illinois Field Office, Chicago, IL.

In Wisconsin contact: Brent Haglund, Director, The Nature Conservancy, Wisconsin Field Office, Madison, Wisconsin.

Mark Martin, Natural Areas Management Specialist, Wisconsin DNR, Madison, Wisconsin.

In Minnesota contact: Welby Smith, Botanist, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota DNR, St. Paul, MN.

>== 8000 SUM-STEW-NEEDS

L. leptostachya requires prairie habitat. Management should be used to regain or maintain such conditions. Fire can help reduce and control woody vegetation, but its role in the growth cycle of prairie bush clover is unclear. A priority for research is to understand the appropriate fire frequency for management of bush clover populations with a normal population structure. What are the requirements for seed germination and seedling establishment? Monitoring should be used to track the accomplishment of management goals. Secure land protection agreements for those occurrences on private property.

>== 9000 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alverson, W. 198 1. Wisconsin!s critical plant species. Bull. Bot. Club of Wisc. 13 (3): 1 -1 0.

Baskin, Carol. 1986. University of Kentucky, Lexington. Conversation with Nancy Sather, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program. October.

Betz, R. F. 1983. Personal communication to J. Evans, The Nature Conservancy, 25 February.

Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, 3 Vol. Dover Publications, Inc., NY 2052 pp.

Brynildson, I. 198 1. Wisconsin's Endangered Flora. Wisconsin Dept. Natural Res., Madison. 48 pp.

Clewell, A. F. 1966a. Natural History, cytology, and isolating mechanisms of the North American Lespedezas. Tall Timbers Res. Stat., Bull. 6. 30 pp.

Clewell, A. F. 1966b. Native North American species of Lespedeza. Rhodora 68:359-405.

Cole, C. 1987. Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Conversation with

Nancy Sather, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program. November.

Deam, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Indiana Dept. Conservation, Indianapolis. 1068 pp.

Dunn, W. 1986. Seed analysis Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Agriculture. Telephone conversation with Nancy Sather, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program. September.

Eiseman, Beth. 1986. Assistant, Wisconsin Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, Madison, Wisconsin. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. January.

Fassett, N. C. 1939. The Leguminous Plants of Wisconsin. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. 157 pp.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, 9th ed. American Book Co., NY. 671 pp.

Fox, W. B. 1945. Leguminosae of Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 34(l):207-230

Gambill, W. G. 1953. The Legumonosae of Illinois. II. Biol. Monogr. No. 22.

Glass, W. D. 1982, The importance of refuge size in preserving species of prairie legumes, goldenrods, and milkweeds. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Illinois, Chicago Circle, 62 pp.

Gleason, H. A. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U. S. and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, N.Y.

Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1963, Manual of the Vascular Plants of the Northeastern United States and Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co., NY. 8 1 0 pp.

Gray, A. 1876. Lespedeza leptostachya Englem. Proc. Am. Acad. 12:57.

Haugen, A. 0. and F. W. Fitch. 1955. Seasonal availability of certain bush lespedeza and partridge pea seed as determined from ground samples. J. Wildlife Mgmt. 19:297-301.

Hanson, C. H. 1943. Cleistogamy and the development of the embryo sac in Lespedeza stipulacea. J. Agric. Res. 67:265-272.

Huston, M. J. 198 1. Iowa preserve selection and design project. Iowa Nat. Areas Inventory, Des Moines.

Isely, D. 1955. The leguminosae of the North Central United States. V.II:Hedysarenea. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30:33-118.

Korschgen, L. J., W. R. Porath and 0. Torgerson. 1976. Spring and summer foods of deer in Ozark forests. Report to Missouri Dept. Conservation, Columbia. 55 pp.

Korschgen, L. J., W. R.-Porath and 0. Torgerson. 1980. Spring and summer foods of deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Missouri Ozarks, U.S.A. J. Wildlife Mgmt. 44(l):89-97.

Kurz, D. R. and M. L. Bowles. 198 1. Status report on Lespedeza leptostachya. Illinois Dept. Conservation, Springfield. 7 pp.

Martin, Mark. 1986a. Natural Areas Management Specialist, Wisconsin Dept. Natural

Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. January 16. '

Martin, Mark. 1986b. Natural Areas Management Specialist, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, Madison. Telephone conversation with N. Sather, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program. October.

Michelson, C. U. and H. H. Iltis. 1966. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin, no. 55, Compositae IV. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters no. 55:217-218.

Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1975. Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale. 494 pp.

Nekola, Jeff. 1985. A summary of baseline information from a study of the response of

Lespedeza leptostachya Englem to fire management of the Freda Haffner Kettlehole Preserve,

Dickinson Co., Iowa. Report to Iowa Field Office, TNC. Copy on file at MRO.

Olson, S. 1978. Lespedeza leptostachya Englem: a summary of the literature. Univ. of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, Unpubl. 3 pp.

Packard, Steve. 1986. Field Representative, The Nature Conservancy, Illinois Field Office, Chicago, Illinois. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. January.

Reid, V. H. and P. D. Goodrum. 1979. Winter feeding habits of quail (Colinus virginanus) in logleaf pine (Pinus palustris and slash pine (Pinus elli6ttii) habitat. USFWS Spec. Sci. Rept. Wildlife, no. 220.

39 pp.

Richardson, James. 1986. Professor, University of Wisconsin, River Falls. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, -MRO. January.

Roosa, Dean. 1986. Ecologist, Iowa Conservation Commission, Des. Moines, Iowa. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. January.

Sather, Nancy P. 1986a. Preliminary investigation of selected life history attributes of

Lespedeza leptostachya Englem. Grant proposal submitted to the Minnesota Field Office, TNC, Minneapolis, Copy on file at MRO.

---------1986b. Studies of Lespedeza leptostachya at Red Rock Prairie, Minnesota. Report to The Nature Conservancy, Minnesota Field Office.

--------- 1986c. Minnesota Natural Heritage Program. Unpublished report of 1986 monitoring of Lespedeza leptostachya at Mortin, Minnesota. August, 1986. Available from Minnesota Natural Heritage Program.

----------1987. Unpublished data and observations.

Schwegman, John. 1984. Reproduction and propagation observations of Lespedeza leptostachya in Illinois. Handwritten notes and map. Copy on file at MRO.

---------- 1986a. Botany Program Director, Illinois Dept. of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. January.

-----------1986b. Botany Program Director, Illinois Dept. of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois. Conversation with and information supplied to N. Sather, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program. September.

Sheviak, C. J. 198 1. Endangered and Threatened plants. p. 70-175 in C. J. Sheviak and R. H. Thom (eds) Endangered and Threatened Vertebrate Animals and Vascular Plants of Illinois. Natural Land Institute, Rockford. 189 pp.

Smith, W. R. 198 1. Status report on Lespedeza leptostachya Englem. Minnesota Heritage Program., St. Paul. 8 pp.

----------1986. Botanist, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Dept. Natural Resources, St. Paul, NN. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. February.

Steyermark, J. A. and F. A. Swink. 1955. Plants new to Illinois and to the Chicago region.

Rhodora 57:265-268.

Swink, F. A. 1974. Plants of the Chicago region. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. 474 pp.

Tans, W. E. and R. H. Read. 1975. Recent Wisconsin records for some interesting vascular plants in the western Great Lakes region. The Michigan Botanist 14(2):131-143.

Weaver, J. E. 1954. North American Prairie. Johnson Publ. Co., Lincoln, NE.

Wendt, Keith. 1986. Community Ecologist, Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Dept. Natural Resources. St. Paul. Telephone conversation with J. Bender, TNC, MRO. March.

White, J. and M. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in Illinois. p. 311-405 in

J. White (ed) Illinois Natural Areas Inventory Tech. Rept. V. 1: Survey methods and results.

Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana.

>== 9900 UPDATE [YY-MM-DDI

88-03-29

>== 9999 END