Natural Disturbances

References

Albert, D. A. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working map and classification. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-178.

Bailey, R. G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the United States, 2nd ed. USDA Forest Service Misc. Publication 1391.

Chou, Y. H., R. A. Minnich, and R. A. Chase. 1993. Mapping probability of fire occurrence in San Jacinto Mountains, California, USA. Environmental Management 17: 129-140.

Chuvieco, E., and R. G. Congalton. 1989. Application of remote sensing and geographic information systems to forest fire hazard mapping. Remote Sensing of Environment 29: 147-159.

Clark, J. S. 1990. Twentieth-century climate change, fire suppression, and forest production and decomposition in northwestern Minnesota. Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 20: 219-232.

Donoghue, L. R., and W. A. Main. 1985. Some factors influencing wildfire occurrence and measurement of fire prevention effectiveness. Journal Of Environmental Management 20: 87-96.

Frelich, L. E., and C. G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes Region. Ecological Monographs 61: 145-164.

Frissell, S. S. 1973. The importance of fire as a natural ecological factor in Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Quaternary Research 3: 397-407.

Haines, D. A., V. J. Johnson, and W. A. Main. 1975. Wildfire atlas of the northeastern and north central states. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-16.

Haines, D. A., W. A. Main, J. S. Frost, and A. J. Simard. 1983. Fire-danger rating and wildfire occurrence in the northeastern United States. Forest Science 29: 679-696.

Harrington, J. B., and R. E. Donnelly. 1978. Fire probabilities in Ontario's boreal forest. Pages 1-4. Fifth joint conference on fire and forest meteorology, Atlantic City, NJ.

Heinselman, M. L. 1973. Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary Research 3: 329-382.

Heinselman, M. L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. Pages 7-57 in H. A. Mooney, T. M. Bonnicksen, N. L. Christensen, J. E. Lotan, and W. A. Reiners, eds. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26.

Loope, W. L. 1991. Interrelationships of fire history, land use history, and landscape pattern within Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan. Canadian Field Naturalist 105: 18-28.

Main, W. A., and D. A. Haines. 1974. The causes of fires on northeastern national forests. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-102.

Marsden, M. A. 1982. A statistical analysis of the frequency of lightning-caused forest fires. Journal of Environmental Management 14: 149-159.

Martell, D. L., E. Bevilacqua, and B. J. Stocks. 1989. Modelling seasonal variation in daily people-caused forest fire occurrence. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 1555-1563.

Martell, D. L., S. Otukol, and B. J. Stocks. 1987. A logistic model for predicting daily people-caused forest fire occurrence in Ontario. Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 17: 394-401.

McGhie, R. G., J. Scepan, and J. E. Estes. 1996. A comprehensive managed areas spatial database for the conterminous United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 62: 1303-1306.

Pyne, S. J. 1982. Fire in America: a cultural history of wildland and rural fire. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Stocks, B. J., B. S. Lee, and D. L. Martell. 1996. Some potential carbon budget implications of fire management in the boreal forest in M. J. Apps and D. T. Price, eds. Forest ecosystems, forest management, and the global carbon cycle. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Swain, A. M. 1980. Landscape patterns and forest history in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota: a pollen study from Hug Lake. Ecology 61: 741-754.

Todd, B., and P. H. Kourtz. 1991. Predicting the daily occurrence of people-caused forest fires. Forestry Canada, Petawawa National Forestry Institute Information Report PI-X-103.

USDA. 1987. National forest fire report. USDA Forest Service.

USDA. 1994. State soil geographic (STATSGO) data base: data use information. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Misc. Publication 1492.

Vega-Garcia, C., P. M. Woodard, S. J. Titus, W. L. Adamowicz, and B. S. Lee. 1995. A logit model for predicting the daily occurrence of human-caused forest fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 5: 101-111.

Vogl, R. J. 1970. Fire and the northern Wisconsin pine barrens. Pages 175-209. Tall timbers fire ecology conference.

Whitney, G. G. 1986. Relation of Michigan's presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history. Ecology 67: 1548-1559.